마지막 때 ~~♡

저가 권세를 받아 그 짐승의 우상에게 생기를 주어
그 짐승의 우상으로 말하게 하고 또 짐승의 우상에게
경배하지 아니하는 자는 몇이든지 다 죽이게 하더라

저가 모든 자 곧 작은 자나 큰 자나 부자나 빈궁한 자나
자유한 자나 종들로 그 오른손에나 이마에 표를 받게 하고
누구든지 이 표를 가진 자 외에는 매매를 못하게 하니
이 표는 곧 짐승의 이름이나 그 이름의 수라
지혜가 여기 있으니 총명 있는 자는 그 짐승의 수를 세어 보라
그 수는 사람의 수니 육백 육십 륙이니라

(요한계시록 13장 15-18)


리얼 ID 반대 운동 전국 확산

법안 거부한 메인주 필두로 시행 반대하는 주정부들 입법 이어질 듯

현재 주정부별로 자체 발급하는 운전면허증 규정을 전면 개정, 전국적으로 통용되는 운전면허증을 발급하자는 내용의 ‘실질 신분증 법안(Real ID Act, 이하 리얼 ID 법안)’이 미 전역에 걸친 반대에 봉착했다.

5일 AP 통신에 따르면 오는 2008년부터 본격 시행 예정인 리얼 ID 법안에 대한 반대 움직임은 지난 1월 26일 리얼 ID 시행을 반대하는 법안을 압도적인 찬성으로 통과시킨 메인주 의회에서 점화됐다.

메인주의 결정이 알려지자 조지아주를 비롯, 와이오밍, 몬태나, 뉴멕시코, 버몬트, 워싱턴주에서도 조만간 연방정부가 조성하는 리얼 ID 네트워크의 참여를 거부하는 법안 및 조례를 통과시킬 전망이라고 통신은 보도했다.

또한 미주리주 의회 소속 짐 게스트 하원의원(공화·킹 시티)은 미국 내 34개 주에 걸쳐 지지 정치인들을 규합, 각자 리얼 ID 법안에 반대하는 상정안을 소속 주 의회에 제출하기로 합의한 상태이다. 게스트 하원의원은 지난 2일 AP 통신과의 인터뷰에서 “리얼 ID 법안이 발효된다고 해서 테러리스트들을 막을 수 있는 것은 아니다”라면서 “전국적으로 통용되는 신분증을 소지시켜 개인을 감시하는 것은 미국의 자유에 대한 정면 공격”이라고 반대의사를 표명했다.

리얼 ID 시행에 대해 주정부들이 일제히 반기를 든 배경은 크게 두 가지로, 총 110억 달러에 이르는 막대한 비용과 지나친 사생활 침해 및 신분 도용에 대한 우려이다.

2001년 9·11 테러 당시 알카에다 조직원들이 위조신분증을 소지해 항공기에 탑승한 것이 밝혀진 것을 계기로 연방정부는 2005년 리얼 ID 법안을 제정했다. 당초 취지는 테러리스트는 물론 불법이민자들의 위조신분증 사용을 차단시키려는 목적이었다. 하지만 이처럼 시행 주체가 될 주정부들의 거센 반발에 직면하면서 오는 2008년 5월부터 리얼 ID 법안을 전국적으로 발효시키고 기존의 주정부 발급 운전면허는 무효화시키려던 연방정부의 당위성 자체가 흔들리고 있는 상황이다.

연방의회에서도 리얼 ID 시행의 현실성에 대한 회의론이 대두되면서 법안을 폐기하자는 의견까지 제기되고 있다. 지난해 존 수누누 상원의원(공화·뉴햄프셔)과 대니얼 아카카 상원의원(민주·하와이)의 주도로 법안의 폐기를 요구하는 상정안을 발의한 바 있으며 수누누 상원의원은 올해 회기에도 유사 법안이 상정될 것으로 전망했다.

‘리얼 ID 법안’이란?

현재 주정부별로 다르게 적용되고 있는 운전면허 발급절차를 전국적으로 통일, 미국 시민권자와 영주권 소지자에게만 정식 운전면허증을 발급하고 나머지 합법 이민자들에게는 임시 면허증을 발급하는 동시에 불법이민자들에게 운전면허 발급을 전면 금지하는 내용.
지난 2005년 연방의회에서 제정된 법안에 의거해 2008년 5월부터 발효될 계획이며 시행되면 리얼 ID를 소지하지 않은 주민들은 항공기 이용, 은행 구좌 개설, 연방정부 빌딩 출입 등이 불허된다.

<로렌 최 기자, 애틀란타 타임즈 2007.2.5>


조지아 상원 리얼 ID 반대 결의

2008년 시행 가능성 의문 제기돼

불법이민자들에게 운전면허 발급을 전면금지하려는 취지로 제정된 연방 정부의 ‘실질신분증 법안(Real ID Act, 이하 리얼 ID 법안)’ 반대안이 조지아주 상원에서 9일 승인됐다.

이날 상원 표결에서 찬성 51표 대 반대 1표로 통과된 조지아주의 리얼 ID 거부안은 이미 1월 26일 반대의사를 표명한 메인주를 포함 미국 전역에 걸친 리얼 ID 반대 움직임에 동참하는 것이다(본보 2월 6일자 기사 참조).

연방 상원 역시 이번주 수전 콜린스(공화·메인) 상원의원이 상정한 리얼 ID 시행 2년 보류안에 대한 표결을 실시할 계획이다. 따라서 조지 W. 부시 행정부의 주도로 2005년 제정된 리얼 ID 법안은 최악의 경우 폐기라는 상황에 놓일 전망이다.

리얼 ID 법안은 주정부별로 발급되고 있는 운전면허증 규정을 전면 개정해 미 전역에서 일괄적으로 통용되는 운전면허증을 발급하자는 내용으로, 총 110억 달러에 이르는 막대한 비용은 물론 사생활 침해 및 신분 도용 가능성 등으로 인해 당초 법안 제정 취지와는 관계없이 법집행 주관기관이 될 미국 내 주정부들로부터의 반대에 봉착해왔으며 연방 정부 내 담당기관인 국토안보부도 현재까지 구체적인 집행 계획을 수립하지 못하고 있는 상황으로 알려졌다.

리얼 ID 법안의 발효일은 2008년 5월 11일로 이론적으로 주정부들은 법안 참여를 거부할 수 있지만 법안을 거부한 주에 거주하는 주민들은 리얼 ID가 없다는 이유로 항공기 탑승, 연방정부 출입, 은행구좌 개설 등이 금지되는 심각한 불이익을 당하게 된다.

한편 상원에서 압도적으로 통과된 조지아주의 리얼 ID 반대 법안은 다음 단계인 하원으로 이관됐다.

<로렌 최 기자, 애틀란타 타임즈 2007.2.11>


DHS Issues Proposal for States to Enhance Driver’s Licenses
Release Date: March 1, 2007

For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
Contact: (202) 282-8010

Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: REAL ID

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced today its proposal to establish minimum standards for state-issued driver’s licenses and identification cards in compliance with the REAL ID Act of 2005. The REAL ID requirements are a result of recommendations made by the 9/11 Commission, which Congress passed into law, and will enhance the security and integrity of driver’s licenses.

“Raising the security standards on driver’s licenses establishes another layer of protection to prevent terrorists from obtaining and using fake documents to plan or carry out an attack. These standards correct glaring vulnerabilities exploited by some of the 9/11 hijackers who used fraudulently obtained drivers licenses to board the airplanes in their attack againstAmerica,” said Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff. “We will work closely with states to implement these standards and protect American’s privacy against identity theft and the use of fraudulent documents. We are also pleased to have been able to work with Senator Susan Collins, and I believe that the proposed regulations reflect her approach.”

The department’s proposed regulations set standards for states to meet the requirements of the REAL ID Act, including: security features that must be incorporated into each card; verification of information provided by applicants to establish their identity and lawful status in the United States; and physical security standards for locations where licenses and identification cards are issued.

As proposed, a REAL ID driver’s license will be required in order to access a federal facility, board federally-regulated commercial aircraft, and enter nuclear power plants. Because states may have difficulty complying before the May 11, 2008, deadline, DHS will grant an extension of the compliance deadline until December 31, 2009. States that have received extensions will, over the course of the waiver period, submit proposed timetables for compliance.

DHS also announced that up to 20 percent of a state’s Homeland Security Grant Program funds can be used to help implement REAL ID. This additional flexibility will be made available during the current 2007 grant cycle. In May 2005, President Bush signed the "Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief Act” into law. Among the provisions contained in the law was the REAL ID Act.
The proposed regulations have been submitted to the Federal Register for a 60-day public comment period.


REAL ID Proposed Guidelines: Questions & Answers

What is REAL ID?

REAL ID is a nationwide effort intended to prevent terrorism, reduce fraud, and improve the reliability and accuracy of identification documents that State governments issue.


Where did this effort originate?

The 9/11 Commission recommended that the U.S. improve its system for issuing secure identification documents. In the Commission’s words, “At many entry points to vulnerable facilities, including gates for boarding aircraft, sources of identification are the last opportunity to ensure that people are who they say they are and to check whether they are terrorists.” The Commission specifically urged the federal government to “set standards for the issuance of…sources of identification, such as driver’s licenses.” Congress responded to this key recommendation by passing the Real ID Act


What is a REAL ID license needed for?

The REAL ID Act requires that a REAL ID driver’s license be used for “official purposes,” as defined by DHS. In the proposed rule, DHS is proposing to limit the official purposes of a REAL ID license to those listed by Congress in the law: accessing a Federal facility; boarding Federally-regulated commercial aircraft; and entering nuclear power plants. DHS may consider expanding these official purposes through future rulemakings to maximize the security benefits of REAL ID.


What was released on March 1?

On March 1, 2007, DHS released a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) for the REAL ID act. This is a major step towards advancing the general requirements of the law into actionable plans for DHS and the States. The text of the NPRM is NOT the final rule. Rather, it is a draft of the rule that is being submitted for public comment. Constructive comments, both affirming and debating items in the NPRM, will help DHS determine the final rule.


Additionally, the NPRM, and the final rule, specify minimum requirements. States are encouraged to work beyond the minimum requirements as appropriate for their constituent’s needs.


Did DHS consult with the States in the development of the NPRM?

DHS consulted with State officials and State representative associations in the development of this proposed rule through meetings and conference calls in 2005 and 2006. Many States and State representative associations participated in these events and submitted written comments for consideration in the development of this proposed rule.


How does the NPRM protect Privacy of license holders?

Continuing to protect the privacy of license holders was a key consideration for DHS in the development of this NPRM, which contains a detailed analysis of the three key privacy issues posed by the Act: (1) the connectivity of the databases; (2) the protection of the personal information stored in the State databases; and (3) the protection of the personal information stored on machine readable technology on the DL/IDs. We invite comments on whether the steps outlined within the NPRM are appropriate and adequate.


Does DHS support an extension of the May 2008 deadline? Does DHS think that States will be ready?

DHS understands that the States are concerned about the tight timeline required to comply with the REAL ID Act. The Secretary and other DHS officials have discussed this matter with various Governors. Since DHS wants all States to be able to comply with the Act, DHS has set-up a procedure in the NPRM for States to obtain extensions until December 31, 2009. DHS expects States that have been granted an extension to begin issuing compliant licenses no later than January 1, 2010, in most cases with a roll-out of licenses as they expire.


What does a State have to do and when does it have to do it?

States that need an extension from DHS should file a request by February 1, 2008, though States are encouraged to inform DHS of its intention to request an extension as soon as October 1, 2007. DHS can grant an extension through December 31, 2009. A State that is complying with the REAL ID Act must begin issuing REAL ID-compliant licenses and identification cards no later than May 11, 2008. However, States that have been granted an extension will be required to issue compliant licenses and identification cards no later than January 1, 2010. All licenses and identification cards held by individuals from a State must be compliant by May 10, 2013.


The NPRM does not propose to change this practice and would not give the Federal government any greater access to this information than is currently accessible from individual State DMVs.


States contend they do not have the funds to implement REAL ID. How does DHS expect states to pay for REAL ID?

DHS will enable States to use up to 20% of a State’s Homeland Security Grant Program funds for REAL ID compliance efforts. This would make substantial funds available to States beginning this calendar year. Congress, not DHS, can appropriate additional funds to help States meet their compliance obligations.


What do DMV’s need to do to check documents establishing a person’s identity?

All source documents must be verified with their issuing agency. DHS has identified appropriate methods for verifying identity, lawful status, date of birth and SSN with the issuing agency. DHS is also assisting the States in the development of querying services that would assist states in querying other States to determine whether an individual currently holds an active license in another jurisdiction.


How long will a REAL ID license be valid for?

The proposed regulation requires that REAL ID licenses be valid for a period limited to eight years. If a state has maintained the source document images, the DMV may re-verify that information without requiring that the applicant re-present the source documents. If, however, the State does not have the information and images of source documents at the time of the renewal, the State would need to require the applicant to re-submit any appropriate, missing documentation.


Can states continue to accept remote renewals?

Under the proposal, States may continue or establish remote renewals for REAL ID licenses. However, the NPRM states that license holders would need to renew in-person at every other issuance for an updated photo.

Is this a National ID card?

No. The proposed regulations establish common standards for States to issue licenses. The Federal Government is not issuing the licenses, is not collecting information about license holders, and is not requiring States to transmit license holder information to the Federal Government that the Government does not already have (such as a Social Security Number). Most States already routinely collect the information required by the Act and the proposed regulations.


Who will have access to the information that the DMV will be required to collect?

As they do now, authorized DMV officials in the licensing State will have access to DMV records. DMV employees in one State cannot “fish” the records in another State. The proposed rule requires States to include a comprehensive security plan for safeguarding information collected, stored, or disseminated for purposes of complying with the REAL ID Act, including procedures to prevent unauthorized access, use, or dissemination of applicant information and images of source documents retained pursuant to the Act and standards and procedures for document retention and destruction.


Will a national database be created that stores information about every applicant?

No. The REAL ID Act and these regulations do not establish a national database of driver information. States will continue to collect and store information about applicants as they do today. The NPRM does not propose to change this practice and would not give the Federal government any greater access to this information.


Will REAL ID change how my license looks?

The proposed rule does not specify precise designs or layouts of state issued licenses. Instead, DHS is proposing minimum standards that will appear on the face of the card. The proposed regulation would require each of the following on the face of REAL IDs; space available for 39 characters for full legal name; address of principal residence; digital photograph; gender; date of birth; signature, document number; and machine readable technology. Additionally, temporary REAL IDs would need to clearly state that they are temporary. Non-REAL IDs issued by compliant States would need to clearly state on their face that they are not acceptable for Federal official purposes and use a unique design or color that clearly distinguishes them from REAL ID licenses.


Do the proposed regulations require States to collect fingerprints or iris images from drivers?

No. Though States may independently choose to implement biometrics into their driver’s license process, the NPRM does not require a State to collect fingerprints, iris images, or other biometric data in connection with obtaining a license and has no plans to serve as a repository for the face images the states will collect.


What is the Machine Readable Technology specified in the NPRM?

The regulations propose the use of the 2-D barcode already used by 46 jurisdictions (45 States and the District of Columbia). DHS leans towards encrypting the data on the barcode as a privacy protection and requests comments on how to proceed given operational considerations.


Will REAL ID driver’s licenses include RFID cards?

The NPRM does not specify the use of RFID cards as a minimum standard. States may independently choose to implement an RFID solution, in addition to the standard 2-D barcode, to meet their constituent’s needs.

How long is the comment period?

The comment period is 60 days. During this time, we look forward to closely reviewing each comment submitted in advance of issuing the final rule. Moreover, we will invite the Real ID Advisory Group, which was formed under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, to the Department to provide oral comments on the proposed regulation.